Find the Determinant of a 3X3 Matrix

The determinant of a matrix is frequently used in calculus, linear algebra, and higher level geometry. Outside the academic world, engineers and computer graphics programmers use matrices and their determinants all the time. To find the determinant of a 3x3 matrix, read this article.

10 Second Summary

1. Write your 3 x 3 matrix.
2. Choose a single row or column.
3. Cross out the row and column of your first element.
4. Find the determinant of the 2 x 2 matrix.
5. Multiply the answer by your chosen element.
6. Determine the sign of your answer.
7. Repeat this process for the second element in your reference row or column.
8. Repeat with the third element.
9. Add your three results together.

Steps

Finding the Determinant

1. Write your 3 x 3 matrix. We'll start with a 3 x 3 matrix A, and try to find its determinant |A|. Here's the general matrix notation we'll be using, and our example matrix:
   • <math>M =

\begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 5 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 & 7 \\ 4 & 6 & 2 \end{pmatrix}</math>

1. Choose a single row or column. This will be your reference row or column. You'll get the same answer no matter which one you choose. For now, just pick the first row. Later, we'll give some advice on how to choose the easiest option to calculate.
   • Let's choose the first row of our example matrix A. Circle the 1 5 3. In general terms, circle a₁₁ a₁₂ a₁₃.
2. Cross out the row and column of your first element. Look at the row or column you circled and select the first element. Draw a line through its row and column. You should be left with four numbers. We'll treat these as a 2 x 2 matrix.
   • In our example, our reference row is 1 5 3. The first element is in row 1 and column 1. Cross out all of row 1 and column 1. Write the remaining elements as a 2 x 2 matrix:
   •  1  5 3
      2  4 7
      4  6 2
3. Find the determinant of the 2 x 2 matrix. Remember, the matrix <math>\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}</math> has a determinant of ad - bc. You may have learned this by drawing an X across the 2 x 2 matrix. Multiply the two numbers connected by the \ of the X. Then subtract the product of the two numbers connected by the /. Use this formula to calculate the determinate of the matrix you just found.
   • In our example, the determinant of the matrix <math>\begin{pmatrix}4 & 7 \\ 6 & 2 \end{pmatrix}</math> = 4 * 2 - 7 * 6 = -34.
   • This determinant is called the minor of the element we chose in our original matrix. In this case, we just found the minor of a₁₁.
4. Multiply the answer by your chosen element. Remember, you selected an element from your reference row (or column) when you decided which row and column to cross out. Multiply this element by the determinant you just calculated for the 2x2 matrix.
   • In our example, we selected a₁₁, which had a value of 1. Multiply this by -34 (the determinant of the 2x2) to get 1*-34 = -34.
5. Determine the sign of your answer. Next, you'll multiply your answer either by 1 or by -1 to get the cofactor of your chosen element. Which you use depends on where the element was placed in the 3x3 matrix. Memorize this simple sign chart to track which element causes which:
   • + - +
     - + -
     + - +
   • Since we chose a₁₁, marked with a +, we multiply the number by +1. (In other words, leave it alone.) The answer is still -34.
   • Alternatively, you can find the sign with the formula (-1)^i+j, where i and j are the element's row and column.
6. Repeat this process for the second element in your reference row or column. Return to the original 3x3 matrix, with the row or column you circled earlier. Repeat the same process with this element:
   • Cross out the row and column of that element. In our case, select element a₁₂ (with a value of 5). Cross out row one (1 5 3) and column two <math>\begin{pmatrix}5 \\ 4 \\ 6\end{pmatrix}</math>.
   • Treat the remaining elements as a 2x2 matrix. In our example, the matrix is <math>\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 7 \\ 4 & 2 \end{pmatrix}</math>
   • Find the determinant of this 2x2 matrix. Use the ad - bc formula. (2*2 - 7*4 = -24)
   • Multiply by the chosen element of the 3x3 matrix. -24 * 5 = -120
   • Determine whether to multiply by -1. Use the sign chart or the (-1)^ij formula. We chose element a₁₂, which is - on the sign chart. We must change the sign of our answer: (-1)*(-120) = 120.
7. Repeat with the third element. You have one more cofactor to find. Calculate i for the third term in your reference row or column. Here's a quick rundown of how you'd calculate the cofactor of a₁₃ in our example:
   • Cross out row 1 and column 3 to get <math>\begin{pmatrix}2 & 4 \\ 4 & 6 \end{pmatrix}</math>
   • Its determinant is 2*6 - 4*4 = -4.
   • Multiply by element a₁₃: -4 * 3 = -12.
   • Element a₁₃ is + on the sign chart, so the answer is -12.
8. Add your three results together. This is the final step. You've calculated three cofactors, one for each element in a single row or column. Add these together and you've found the determinant of the 3x3 matrix.
   • In our example the determinant is -34 + 120 + -12 = 74.

Making the Problem Easier

1. Pick the reference with the most zeroes. Remember, you can pick any row or column as your reference. You'll get the same answer no matter which you pick. If you pick a row or column with zeros, you only need to calculate the cofactor for the nonzero elements. Here's why:
   • Let's say you pick row 2, with elements a₂₁, a₂₂, and a₂₃. To solve this problem, we'll be looking at three different 2x2 matrices. Let's call them A₂₁, A₂₂, and A₂₃.
   • The determinant of the 3x3 matrix is a₂₁|A₂₁| - a₂₂|A₂₂| + a₂₃|A₂₃|.
   • If terms a₂₂ and a₂₃ are both 0, our formula becomes a₂₁|A₂₁| - 0*|A₂₂| + 0*|A₂₃| = a₂₁|A₂₁| - 0 + 0 = a₂₁|A₂₁|. Now we only have to calculate the cofactor of a single element.
2. Use row addition to make the matrix easier. If you take the values of one row and add them to a different row, the determinant of the matrix does not change. The same is true of columns. You can do this repeatedly — or multiply the values by a constant before adding — to get as many zeroes in the matrix as possible. This can save you a lot of time.
   • For example, say you have a 3 x 3 matrix: <math>\begin{pmatrix}9 & -1 & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & 0 \\ 7 & 5 & -2 \end{pmatrix}</math>
   • In order to cancel out the 9 in position a₁₁, we can multiply the second row by -3 and add the result to the first. The new first row is [9 -1 2] + [-9 -3 0] = [0 -4 2].
   • The new matrix is <math> \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -4 & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & 0 \\ 7 & 5 & -2 \end{pmatrix}</math> Try to use the same trick with columns to turn a₁₂ into a 0 as well.
3. Learn the shortcut for triangular matrices. In these special cases, the determinant is simply the product of the elements along the main diagonal, from a₁₁ in the top left to a₃₃ in the lower right. We're still talking about 3x3 matrices, but "triangular" ones have special patterns of nonzero values:
   • Upper triangular matrix: All the non-zero elements are on or above the main diagonal. Everything below is a zero.
   • Lower triangular matrix: All the non-zero elements are on or below the main diagonal.
   • Diagonal matrix: All the non-zero elements are on the main diagonal. (A subset of the above.)

Tips

• This method extends to square matrices of any size. For example, if using this for a 4x4 matrix, your "crossing out" leaves you with a 3x3 matrix, for which you calculate the determinate as described above. Be warned, this gets very tedious by hand!
• If all elements of a row or column are 0, the determinant of that matrix is 0.

Related Articles

• Work out the Determinant of a Matrix
• Solve Matrices
• Find the Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix
• Divide Matrices

Sources and Citations

See also

• Find the Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix
• Use a Graphing Calculator to Solve a Systems of Equations
• Reduce a Matrix to Row Echelon Form

What links here

• Find the Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix
• Calculate the Cross Product of Two Vectors
• Divide Matrices