Prepare for a Glucose Screening Test

A glucose screening test measures your blood sugar level and/or your body’s response to sugar and is used for diagnosing diabetes. There are three types of diabetes recognized (Type 1, Type 2 and gestational) and although they are all slightly different, a common feature for all three conditions is higher than normal blood sugar level. Blood glucose can be screened in a few different ways. If your doctor suggests that you take a glucose screening test, the way you prepare depends on the type of test that is being done.[1]

Steps

Preparing for the A1C Test

  1. Eat normally before the test. The A1C test measures your blood sugar control over the past two to three months and aids in the detection of Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.[2]
    • This blood test is not affected by recent food intake so you don’t have to fast before the test.
  2. Bring the form you received from your doctor to your appointment. If your doctor has recommended an A1C test, she will give you a form detailing what test should be conducted. Bring the form to the laboratory you will be testing at.[3]
    • You may also want to make an appointment for the test. Some laboratories or testing centers will take appointments, which should reduce the time you need to wait in line.
    • Be sure to use a laboratory that is the primary provider for your health insurance.
  3. Prepare to give blood. The A1C test is a simple blood test that can be done by two different ways, either using a venipuncture or a finger prick test.[4]
    • During venipuncture, a needle will be inserted into a vein in your arm and blood is drawn into a test tube.
    • During a finger prick test, the tip of your finger will be punctured with a needle (lancet). The laboratory technician may also gently squeeze your finger to form a blood drop that she will then collect.
    • Once the blood is drawn, a sample is sent to the laboratory for testing
  4. Understand the results. The A1C test measures what percentage of your hemoglobin is coated with sugar, also called glycated hemoglobin. When your A1C level is higher than normal, it indicates a poor blood sugar control, which translates to a higher risk of diabetes.[5]
    • A normal A1C level ranges from 4.5 to 5.7% glycated hemoglobin. A 5% A1C level translates to 97 mg/dL (5.4 mmol/L) blood sugar level.[6]
    • Results ranging from 5.7 to 6.4% are considered to be in the prediabetic stage and indicates a higher risk for developing diabetes.
    • Results showing an A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher are considered diabetic.
    • If your results are positive for diabetes, your doctor may confirm the results with an oral or plasma glucose test (see below) and/or will initiate a treatment plan for you to begin.
  5. Know the limitations of A1C test. You should be aware that the effectiveness of an A1C test may be limited, including:[6]
    • Falsely low A1C may result due to a recent heavy or chronic bleeding, blood transfusion or if you have an uncommon form of hemoglobin or hemolytic anemia.
    • Falsely high A1C may result if your bloodstream doesn’t contain enough iron or you have an uncommon form of hemoglobin.
    • The normal range for A1C results may also vary among laboratories.

Preparing for the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test

  1. Fast between eight and 14 hours. The fasting plasma blood test is used to measure blood sugar levels to diagnose diabetes or pre-diabetes. A fasting plasma glucose test is normally performed in the morning, after the patient has gone approximately 12 hours without eating or drinking. Fasting is required because:[7]
    • A person without diabetes produces insulin in response to increased glucose levels. After an overnight fast, the blood sugar levels would be low.
    • A person with diabetes won’t produce insulin, leaving their glucose levels still high after an overnight fast.[8]
  2. Go to the laboratory for the test. If you have fasted overnight, go to the testing center in the morning.
    • Remember to bring the form your doctor gave you that details what test should be conducted.
    • If the laboratory takes appointments, you may want to make one to reduce the time you need to wait in line.
    • Also, check your insurance and use a laboratory that is the primary provider for your health insurance.
  3. Prepare for a venipuncture. In order to measure the fasting plasma glucose level, you need to give a blood sample. During the blood sample:[7]
    • A needle will be inserted into a vein in your arm.
    • Blood is drawn into a test tube.
    • Once the test is done, you can go home and the blood sample is sent to a laboratory for testing.
  4. Understand the results of fasting plasma glucose test. Your test is considered normal (non-diabetic) if your glucose level is below 100 mg/dl.[9]
    • A test result of 100–125 mg/dl is considered to be in the prediabetic stage and you are at a higher risk of developing diabetes.
    • A test result of 126 mg/dl or higher is considered diabetic.
    • If your results are positive for diabetes, your doctor will initiate a treatment plan for you to begin.
  5. Know the limitations of fasting plasma glucose test. You should be aware that the effectiveness of this test may be limited, including:[10]
    • Falsely low plasma glucose levels may result if blood is drawn in the afternoon instead of in the morning or if too much time passes between when the blood is drawn and when the lab processes the blood sample.
    • Results can also be affected by medical conditions, smoking, and exercise.

Preparing for the Oral Glucose Test

  1. Make an appointment. As the oral glucose test lasts an hour after you have consumed a glucose solution, it is recommended you make an appointment to reduce the time you wait in line before the clock starts ticking (see next steps).
    • Call a few days ahead when you want to take your test and make the appointment. Then, fast the night before your appointment.
    • Be sure to use a laboratory that is the primary provider for your health insurance.
  2. Fast between 10 and 16 hours. This type of glucose test is used to understand how your body processes glucose.[11]
    • This test requires you to fast, usually 10–16 hours before the test is given.
    • Eat normally several days before the oral glucose test, then fast the night before.
    • The only thing that you can consume during the fast is water.[12]
    • Please note that if you take medications, ask your doctor if the medicine will affect the test results.[11]
  3. Take a book or a smartphone with you. Oral glucose test will take a few hours to complete. Thus, you may want to bring along a book or play a game or watch a movie on your smartphone, laptop, or tablet.
    • Also remember to bring the form you received from your doctor to your appointment so the laboratory personnel knows which test to perform.
  4. Prepare to give a baseline blood test. The first blood sample is collected when you arrive to give a baseline reading (before sugar is added into the bloodstream).[12]
    • The laboratory technician will perform a venipuncture to draw your blood.
  5. Drink the glucose solution. After your first blood sample is taken, you will be asked to drink 8-ounce glucose solution. The solution resembles a soda drink with a higher sugar content (about 75 grams).[12]
    • After you drink the solution, you need to sit and wait. Relax by reading a book or watching a movie on your smartphone.
  6. Prepare to give blood several times after the glucose solution. Your blood will be drawn three to four times after the glucose solution is absorbed into the bloodstream. This will give your doctor a better picture of how your body processes the glucose in the drink.
    • The first venipuncture is done 30 minutes after you consume the solution.
    • The remaining two or three tests are done one and two hours, and sometimes even three hours after you consumed the solution.
    • Each test is analyzed to show the rise and fall of blood sugar levels over time.[12]
    • Please note that you should remain calm and not be active during the test.
    • You may also feel nauseated, sweaty, light-headed, experience short of breath, or faint during the test. If you experience any of these symptoms, talk to the laboratory personnel and ask if you can lay down.[11]
  7. Understand the results of an oral glucose test. A normal test result will have your glucose levels decline during the test.[11]
    • A normal fasting value is between 60 to 100 mg/dL.
    • A normal glucose level after one hour is less than 200 mg/dL
    • A normal glucose level after two hours is less than 140 mg/dL
    • If your results are higher than the above values, you are positive for diabetes and your doctor will initiate a treatment plan for you to begin.
  8. Know the limitations of an oral glucose test. Your test results may be false for some reasons, including:[11]
    • Higher glucose levels are possible due to certain medications, stress or a trauma, such as stroke, heart attack, or surgery.
    • Lower glucose levels may be due to exercise or certain medications.

Preparing for the Gestational Glucose Test

  1. Eat normally before the test. A glucose-screening test is a routine procedure done between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. This test helps check your glucose levels to determine if you have gestational diabetes.[13]
    • During pregnancy, your hormones increase the amount of insulin needed to control glucose levels. If your body can’t handle this increased need for insulin, you can develop gestational diabetes in the late stages of pregnancy.[14]
    • Your doctor might instruct you to eat at least 150 grams of carbohydrates per day for three days prior to the test.[15]
  2. Call and make an appointment. The test takes an hour after you have consumed the glucose solution (see next steps) and thus, in order to reduce time waiting, it is better to make an appointment.
    • Choose a laboratory that is the primary provider for your health insurance and call a few days before you want to take the test.
    • Bring the form you received from your doctor to your appointment. As with the other glucose tests, bring the form detailing what test should be conducted to the laboratory where you will be testing at.
  3. Drink the glucose solution. When you arrive on the test day, you will be given a sugar solution containing 50 grams of glucose. The solution tastes similar to a soda drink and you can often even pick your flavor from cola, orange, or lime.
    • You must drink the solution in 5 minutes.[16]
  4. Wait for one hour. You will be asked to wait for one hour after you have consumed the glucose solution to allow it to absorb into your bloodstream.[16]
    • The test will help your doctor understand how efficiently your body can process sugar.
  5. Allow the technician to draw your blood. After one hour, the laboratory technician will draw a blood sample using venipuncture:
    • A needle will be inserted into a vein in your arm and blood is drawn into a test tube.
  6. Ask your doctor if you need to take the three-hour glucose test. If the 1-hour blood test indicates your blood sugar is too high, you will be asked to return for a three-hour glucose test to determine if you have gestational diabetes.[16]
    • You will need to take the three-hour glucose test if your glucose level is above 140 mg/dl (see next step).
    • If your one-hour glucose test result was below 140 mg/dl, you don’t need to return for further testing.
  7. Make an appointment. The three-hour test takes (as the name indicates) a whopping three hours after you have consumed the glucose solution. Thus, it is better to make an appointment so you can get started immediately when you arrive to the testing center.
    • Call a few days before you want to take the test. Then, fast the night before the test.
  8. Fast between eight and 14 hours. This is imperative before you take the three-hour glucose test because your sugar levels need to be dormant in order to compare your results after you’ve taken the glucose solution.[15]
    • Fasting while you are pregnant may seem harsh but it is needed. Make an early morning appointment for your test to get it over as soon as possible.
  9. Bring a book or a movie to the appointment. Because the three-hour gestational glucose test takes so long, you may want to bring along a book or play a game or watch a movie on your smartphone or tablet to make the time go by faster.
  10. Have your blood drawn. Your first blood test will be drawn before you drink the glucose solution to measure your baseline fasting blood glucose level. This test result will be used as a controlled variable against the other blood tests.[15]
    • The technician will draw your blood using a venipuncture.
  11. Drink the glucose solution. After you’ve had your fasting blood glucose level tested, you will be instructed to drink a glucose solution similar to the one you drank during the 1-hour test. However, this solution will be greater in volume and contains twice the sugar (100 grams) than the previous solution.[17]
    • You might feel nauseated during the three-hour test because the solution is sweet, has higher volume and is taken into an empty stomach. If you feel nauseated, ask to lay down.[18]
  12. Prepare to have your blood drawn every 30 to 60 minutes. After you’ve consumed the glucose solution, your blood will be drawn three to four times every 30-60 minutes.[19]
    • Each time your blood glucose level will be checked.
  13. Understand the results of the three-hour glucose screening test. Your blood levels are considered abnormal if more than one of the test results are higher than normal, indicating that you have gestational diabetes. Results considered abnormal for the three-hour glucose-screening test are:[19]
    • Fasting results are > 95 mg/dl.
    • One-hour results are > 180 mg/dl.
    • Two-hour results are >155 mg/dl.
    • Three-hour results are >140 mg/dl.
    • If only one of the test results is higher than normal, your doctor may instruct you to change your diet.[19]

Warnings

  • In some cases, you may feel light-headed, dizzy, sweaty, or nauseous after the glucose test. You may want to bring a friend for extra support or to drive you to and from the lab or clinic.
  • Some health care providers may give you a glucose drink to bring with you to the lab. If this is the case, make sure you bring the drink with you to the appointment since another drink may not be provided.

Sources and Citations

  1. ↑ http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/?loc=db-slabnav
  2. ↑ http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/a1c/
  3. ↑ http://www.healthcentral.com/diabetes/encyclopedia/type-2-diabetes-4002776/diagnosis
  4. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/a1c-test/basics/what-you-can-expect/prc-20012585
  5. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/a1c-test/basics/definition/prc-20012585
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/a1c-test/basics/results/prc-20012585
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 http://www.diabetes.co.uk/fasting-plasma-glucose-test.html
  8. ↑ http://www.diabetes-info.co.uk/diagnosis-of-diabetes/fasting-plasma-glucose-test.html
  9. ↑ http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/
  10. ↑ http://diabetes.about.com/od/symptomsdiagnosis/a/fpgtest.htm
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 http://www.diabetes-info.co.uk/diagnosis-of-diabetes/oral-glucose-tolerance-test.html
  13. ↑ http://www.babycenter.com/0_glucose-screening-and-glucose-tolerance-tests_1483.bc
  14. ↑ http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/glucose-tolerence-test/
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 http://www.babycenter.com/0_glucose-screening-and-glucose-tolerance-tests_1483.bc?page=1
  17. ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007562.htm
  18. ↑ http://www.babycenter.com/0_glucose-screening-and-glucose-tolerance-tests_1483.bc?showAll=true
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007562.htm
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