Properly Place a TB Skin Test

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs but can affect any part of the body.[1] A person should get tested for TB if s/he has been around an infected person or suspects that s/he may have been exposed to the infection. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test, also known as the PPD test, is a screening tool to test a patient’s exposure to tuberculosis.[2] This test only reflects whether the patient has been infected with TB bacteria, and cannot distinguish whether s/he has latent TB infection or TB disease.[2] It is important to have a trained healthcare provider carefully and properly administer the test for the best chance of an accurate reading.

Steps

Understanding TB

  1. Know how TB spreads. The tuberculosis bacteria are airborne, meaning they are put into the air when a person with TB disease in their lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings.[3] If a person breathes in the bacteria, s/he can become infected.
    • A person cannot get TB from touching people, shaking hands, or touching bed linens or toilet seats.
    • A person cannot get TB by sharing food or drink, sharing toothbrushes, or kissing. (However, s/he can become infected with other communicable diseases by doing these things.)
  2. Compare latent TB infection and TB disease. It is possible to be infected with TB bacteria and not get sick. The TB skin test cannot tell the difference between latent TB infection or TB disease.[3][4]
    • If the person has latent TB infection, s/he is infected with the TB bacteria but his/her body is able to fight it off. S/he will not experience any symptoms and will not feel sick. S/he will not be infectious and cannot spread TB to others. A skin test will indicate TB infection.
    • However, if the patient’s body stops being able to fight off the bacteria, s/he can become ill with TB disease. S/he may become ill shortly after being infected, or s/he might feel fine for years until his/her immune system is weakened by something else.
    • TB disease occurs when a patient’s body cannot keep the TB bacteria from multiplying. S/he will feel sick and experience symptoms. People with TB disease are infectious and can spread the bacteria to others. A skin test will indicate TB infection.
  3. Recognize the symptoms of TB disease. To determine whether a patient has been exposed to the TB bacteria, you should know how to recognize the symptoms of TB disease.[3] These include:
    • A bad cough lasting 3 weeks or longer
    • Chest pain
    • Coughing up blood or bloody sputum (mucus)
    • Fatigue or weakness
    • Weight loss
    • Loss of appetite
    • Chills or fever
    • Night sweats

Preparing for the Test

  1. Gather your supplies. Before administering the test, gather all of the necessary supplies, including:[5]
    • A vial of tuberculin (tuberculin should always be stored in a refrigerator)
    • Latex gloves
    • Small disposable tuberculin syringe, 1.2 cc or smaller, with a needle 25 g or smaller
    • Alcohol swab
    • Cotton ball
    • Ruler with millimeter measurements
    • Sharps disposable container
    • Patient’s paperwork
  2. Check the tuberculin’s expiration, date of opening, and whether it’s single or multidose. Before attempting to administer the tuberculin, verify that it’s safe and appropriate to use.[6]
    • The expiration date should be printed on the label. It will indicate when an unopened vial should no longer be used. If the expiration date has passed, don’t use the vial.
    • Check the date the vial was opened. The label should also specify a beyond-use date indicating how long after its initial opening a vial can still be used. If the beyond-use date has passed, don’t use the vial. Your local health department will be able to let you know the exact number of days after a multidose vial is opened before you must discard it.
    • The manufacturer’s guidelines should state whether the vial is single or multidose. A multidose vial includes a preservative that allows you to administer it to more than one patient.
  3. Make sure you have a good area for administering the test. You will need a firm surface for the patient to rest his/her arm on. The area should be well-lit and clean.[5]
  4. Wash your hands. Wash with warm water and soap, scrubbing liberally for 20 seconds.[7]
    • Rinse your hands with a paper towel and put on a pair of latex gloves.

Administering the Test

  1. Educate the patient. Explain what the skin test does and how long it will take. You should tell the patient what each step of the procedure will be like. After you have explained the procedure, ask whether the patient has any questions for you.[5]
    • Tell the patient that you will be injecting a very small amount of fluid into his or her arm. If infection is present, the injection site will show a reaction, such as swelling or a raised, hard area.[2]
    • Explain that the patient must return to your office after 48-72 hours to have the test site examined.
    • If the patient cannot return after 48-72 hours, do not administer the test. Make another appointment.
  2. Choose the injection site. The left arm is the standard choice, though the right arm is acceptable if you can’t use the left.[5]
    • Be sure the patient’s arm is on a firm, well-lit surface.
    • Slightly flex the arm at the elbow and position the hand palm side up.
    • Look for a place below the elbow clear of elements that could interfere with the test reading, like hair, scars, veins, or tattoos.
  3. Wipe the top of the tuberculin vial with an alcohol swab. Be sure to wipe vigorously.
    • Allow the alcohol to dry.
  4. Fasten the needle to the syringe and draw the tuberculin solution. To fasten the needle to the syringe, twist the cap into the tip of the syringe.
    • Place the vial on a flat surface, then insert the needle into the stopper.
    • Draw the solution. Pull back on the plunger and draw out slightly more than one-tenth (0.1) of a milliliter of solution.
    • Remove the needle from the vial. Make sure there are no bubbles in the syringe. If there are bubbles, expel the bubbles by slightly pushing the plunger up while pointing the needle of the syringe towards the ceiling.
  5. Prepare the injection site. Clean the injection site with an alcohol swab. Circle the alcohol swab outward from the center of the site.[5]
    • Allow to dry.
    • Stretch the skin at the injection site taut between your thumb and forefinger. Hold the syringe flange parallel to the forearm with the needle bevel facing upwards. Still holding the skin taut, insert the needle slowly into the injection site at a 5-15 degree angle.
  6. Inject the tuberculin solution. After inserting the needle, advance it approximately 3 millimeters. The needle tip should be intra dermal (below the epidermis but in the dermis).
    • Let the skin go and hold the syringe steady. Depress the plunger to inject the solution intradermally, just below the superficial layer of skin.
    • A tense, pale raised area about 6-10 millimeters will immediately appear over the needle bevel.
  7. Remove the needle. Be careful to remove without pressing or massaging the patient’s arm.[8]
    • Do not recap the needle; you’ll risk sticking yourself.
    • Discard the needle immediately in a sharps container.
    • If a drop of blood appears on the patient’s arm, blot it lightly with a cotton ball or gauze pad. Don’t cover the site with a bandage because it could interfere with the test.[5]
    • Return the tuberculin solution to the refrigerator or a cooling container.[5]
  8. Check for proper administration. Measure the raised skin at the injection site; it should be at least 6 millimeters in diameter.[5]
    • If the raised area is smaller than 6 millimeters, it indicates that either the needle was inserted too deeply or the dose was inadequate. You should repeat the test.
    • You may also need to repeat the test if the patient doesn’t return 48-72 hours after the injection to complete the test.[9]
    • If you need to repeat the test, choose another site at least 2 inches away from the original site.[5]
  9. Instruct the patient in what to do next. Instruct the patient to have the test read 48-72 hours later.
    • Verify the appointment for the test reading.
    • The test must be read by a trained healthcare provider. The patient cannot read the test on his or her own.
  10. Tell the patient what to expect. The patient can anticipate symptoms including itching, swelling, or irritation at the site that should go away within a week.[5] Remind the patient to come back if a more severe reaction occurs.
    • Instruct the patient to avoid scratching the site, covering it with a bandage, or applying any itching creams.
    • Instruct the person to also avoid scrubbing the area, though showering is okay.



Tips

  • You can practice administering the injection on an uncooked hot dog using a syringe and water.[10]

Related Articles

Sources and Citations

  1. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/tb/
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/default.htm
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm
  4. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/difference.htm
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/mantoux/part1.htm
  6. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/injectionsafety/providers/provider_faqs_multivials.html
  7. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/
  8. ↑ www.nyc.gov/html/doh/.../pdf/tb/tb-hcp-tst-guide.pdf
  9. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm
  10. ↑ https://www.cteonline.org/curriculum/lessonplan/intradermal.../ozW0Ya
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