Configure Sendmail

This How To covers the process of configuring email handling after registering a domain. Sendmail is the Unix/Linux software that does email handling. It's not a Mail User Agent (MUA) like the email programs you'd recognize. It is just a delivery program. Sendmail is a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). It handles just delivery. Network providers use Sendmail to deliver mail to local users or other networks.

Steps

Download Sendmail

  1. Download Sendmail[1]. You may be automatically offered a short initial message which will indicate the current release. These instructions below assume version 8.10.0 or later.
  2. Build and install Sendmail for your machine. In most cases, this consists of unpacking the distribution, reading the README and sendmail/README files, and typing Build in the Sendmail directory. See the INSTALL file in the distribution's top-level directory for details.

Set up Sendmail

  1. Understand that Sendmail uses information from the Domain Name System (DNS) to figure out which IP addresses go with which mailboxes.
  2. Choose an available domain name. In our example, we will use yourdomain.com.
  3. Configure your DNS on the server. Establish two machines as primary and secondary name servers for your domain. Knowledge of how to do this is assumed; otherwise, read the O'Reilly book "DNS and BIND", 4th Edition is highly recommended. Familiarize yourself with BIND before continuing.
  4. Configure MX records for your domain (Note: CNAME records can not be used; see § 5.2.2 of RFC 1123 for details.) MX records are explained in the O'Reilly Sendmail book; the 2nd edition gives an overview in § 15.3 and describes how to configure them in § 21.3, whereas the third edition explains everything about them in § 9.3. You have two options for MX records:
  5. Determine your connection method:
    • If the mail server which will serve your new domain has a full-time connection to the Internet, it should be the primary MX host for your domain. In this configuration, your MX records would look like this:

      • yourdomain.com. IN MX 10 yourmailserver.yourdomain.com.
    • Otherwise, you will need to find another machine to queue mail for your domain when you are not connected. Be sure to get the machine owners' approval first. That machine must be configured to allow relaying to your domain. If it is running Sendmail, this can be as simple as adding your domain to the relay-domains file on that machine. You would then point your MX records at that machine. For example:
    • yourdomain.com. IN MX 10 yourmailserver.yourdomain.com.
    • yourdomain.com. IN MX 20 othermailserver.otherdomain.com.

  6. Now the name servers are setup, register your domain using one of the registries. As you register, inform the registry of the two name servers, and then the domain will point to your server.

Configure Sendmail

  1. Read the cf/README file thoroughly. It will give you instructions on creating a .mc file in the cf/cf directory. Your mailserver.mc file will typically look something like:
    • divert(-1)dnl
    • #
    • # This file contains the global definitions for yourdomain.com
    • #
    • divert(0)dnl
    • VERSIONID(`@(#)mailserver.mc 1.0 (yourdomain.com) 5/1/97')
    • OSTYPE(solaris2)dnl
    • DOMAIN(yourdomain.com)dnl
    • FEATURE(`virtusertable', `dbm /etc/mail/virtusertable')dnl
    • MAILER(local)dnl
    • MAILER(smtp)dnl

    • Your actual OS will be substituted for solaris2. <P>
  2. A typical cf/domain/yourdomain.com.m4 file that looks something like:<p>
    • divert(-1)dnl
    • #
    • # This file contains the global definitions for yourdomain.com
    • #
    • divert(0)dnl
    • VERSIONID(`@(#)yourdomain.com.m4 1.0 (yourdomain.com) 5/1/97')
    • FEATURE(`use_cw_file')dnl
  3. It may have some other feature()'s and define()'s as well. The virtual user table is the key to all of this.
  4. Generate your /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file from your mailserver.mc file, so type:
    • cd sendmail-VERSION/cf/cf
    • /Build mailserver.cf
    • cp mailserver.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf
  5. Create the virtual user table. This is explained in detail in the Sendmail book: § 19.6.28 of the 2nd edition, or § 4.8.51 of the 3rd edition; an overview is given here. The table is a database that maps virtual addresses into real addresses. You create a text file where each line has a key/value pair, separated by a TAB. For example:
    • Example 1:
      • joe@yourdomain.com jschmoe
      • jane@yourdomain.com jdoe@othercompany.com
      • @yourdomain.com jschmoe
        • In this first example, the address joe@yourdomain.com will be mapped to the local user jschmoe; jane@yourdomain.com will be mapped to the remote user jdoe@othercompany.com, and anything else coming in to yourdomain.com will also go to jschmoe.

    • Example 2:
      • joe@yourdomain.com    jschmoe%3
      • bogus@yourdomain.com &npsp;  error:nouser No such user here
      • list@yourdomain.com    yourdomain-list
      • @yourdomain.com    %1@othercompany.com
        • In this second example, the address joe@yourdomain.com will be mapped to the local user jschmoe%3 (see note 3 below for an explanation of what the %3 means), the address bogus@yourdomain.com will return the indicated error, the address list@yourdomain.com will be mapped to the local user yourdomain-list (which you would use the aliases file to ultimately resolve) and every other user at yourdomain.com will be mapped to a remote user of the same name at othercompany.com.
  6. If you have a local user, say sam, and there is no key for sam@yourdomain.com and no catch-all key for @yourdomain.com, then Sendmail will fall back to the local user sam when resolving sam@yourdomain.com. To prevent this, you must use either a catch-all key or an explicit key for sam@yourdomain.com; the error:nouser example above may be useful in this instance.
  7. If you want a virtual address to resolve to more than one real address, you need to do it indirectly. Have the virtual address resolve to a local alias, then have the local alias resolve to the desired set of addresses. For example, in the virtual user table:

    • joe@yourdomain.com localjoe

      then in the aliases file:
    • localjoe: joe@othercompany.com, jane@othercompany.com
    • In the above example:
      • joe@yourdomain.com jschmoe%3
  8. The %3 is the preservation of the optional +detail part of the original address. In general, +detail means that when Sendmail gets an address like user+detail@domain, then if domain is in class w (see step 7 below), sendmail checks to see if user+detail can be resolved, then falls back to just plain user if not. Thus all of:
    • joe@yourdomain.com
    • joe+foo@yourdomain.com
    • joe+reallylongextrapart@yourdomain.com

      would all match the above entry, with %3 preserving the +detail part of nothing, +foo and +reallylongextrapart respectively.
    • Multiple domains are allowed, and virtual addresses in each domain are independent. So for example, you could have:
      • joe@yourdomain1.com localjoe
      • joe@yourdomain2.com joe@othercompany.com
      • joe@yourdomain3.com localjoe
      • joe@yourdomain4.com error:nouser No such user here
  9. For people administering multiple domains, it may be easier to keep each domain's list in a separate file, then write a short script to concatenate all such files together into a master virtual user table. But we're getting ahead of ourselves; that's the next step...

Build the Sendmail User Table

  1. Build the virtual user table. If the above virtual user table text file is located at sourcefile, and you are using the DBM database type, then use the command:
    • makemap dbm /etc/mail/virtusertable < sourcefile
    • Note: if you built Sendmail with NEWDB instead of NDBM, then use hash instead of dbm in the above line.
    • This creates one or more non-text files (typically /etc/mail/virtusertable.dir and /etc/mail/virtusertable.pag, or /etc/mail/virtusertable.db), but does not actually change /etc/mail/virtusertable itself, so this is the recommended location for sourcefile.
    • If you would like to reverse-map local users for out-bound mail, you will need to add support for the generics table to your .mc file:
      • FEATURE(`genericstable', `dbm /etc/mail/genericstable')dnl
      • GENERICS_DOMAIN_FILE(`/etc/mail/generics-domains')dnl
    • And you will need to create /etc/mail/genericstable which is like /etc/mail/virtusertable above except the columns are reversed:
      • jschmoe joe@yourdomain.com

Add your domain names to Sendmail

  1. Add each new domain name to sendmail's class w. This is typically done by adding a line to /etc/mail/local-host-names (known as /etc/sendmail.cw prior to version 8.10) with the value of each domain name. Likewise, if you are using the genericstable, you should add any domains you wish to reverse-map to /etc/mail/generics-domains.
  2. Restart or SIGHUP sendmail.<P>
  3. You do not need to restart sendmail when changing the virtual user or generics tables, only when changing /etc/mail/sendmail.cf or class files such as /etc/mail/local-host-names.
    • An extra step is required for hosts not connected full-time. As noted in the MX configuration section, if you use another host to queue your mail until you connect, you will have to force delivery of mail queued on the secondary mail server. To accomplish this, when your primary server connects, you should run the script etrn.pl which comes in the contrib directory of the sendmail distribution:
      • etrn.pl secondary-mx-host yourdomain.com
      • It may be advisable to put this at the end of the Sendmail start-up script on any primary MX. It would be especially useful as a follow-up to whatever script initiates the connection on primary MXs without full-time connections.
      • At this point, you should be set, and people should be able to send e-mail to addresses @yourdomain.com.

Test your configuration file

  1. Test your configuration and make sure everything works as expected before announcing the new domain name and mail addresses for that domain. If things don't work as expected, you can test with Sendmail's test mode:
    • sendmail -bt
    • Here are some examples of things to try in test mode (make sure the domain is in class w:):
      • $=w
      • # is the map working?
      • /map virtuser joe@yourdomain.com
      • /map virtuser jane@yourdomain.com
      • /map virtuser @yourdomain.com
      • is the rewriting working? #** ,0 joe@yourdomain.com #** ,0 some@yourdomain.com

Tips

  • What Sendmail does:<P>
    • Listen on network ports for mail.
    • Sort mail and deliver it locally or externally to other servers.
    • Append mail to files or pipe it through other programs.
    • Queue mail (if immediate delivery fails).
    • Convert email addresses to/from user names, or handle mailing lists.
    • Reads rules for special mail handling, so it can try to catch spam, or check for correctness.
  • If you built Sendmail with NEWDB instead of NDBM, you will have to use hash instead of dbm in the above line.

Related Articles

Sources and Citations

  1. ↑ http://www.sendmail.org/
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