Tell if an Emerald Is Real

Many "emeralds" are actually other green gems, green glass, or imitations built from several materials. Conduct several tests before you reach a conclusion one way or the other, since results are not always definitive without specialized gemology equipment. If the emerald, you may also be interested in testing whether it is naturally occurring, or a synthetic laboratory creation.

Steps

Evaluating an Emerald

  1. Look for flaws through a magnifying lens or jeweler's loupe. Examine the gem under magnification, ideally through a 10x triple-lens jeweler's loupe. Hold it so light strikes it at an oblique angle, in one narrow beam if possible.[1] If you see tiny flaws or irregular patterns within the stone, it is likely a real gem — although not necessarily an emerald. If your gem is very clear, with almost none of these "inclusions," it may be a synthetic emerald (man-made but real), or not a gemstone at all.
    • Gas bubbles only appear in natural emeralds near other inclusions of different shapes. If you see a swarm of bubbles alone, the gem is probably glass — but it could be a synthetic emerald.[1]
  2. Check for a sparkling effect. Real emeralds produce little to no "fire," or colorful flashes that appear under light. If your gem produces a rainbow of flashes, it is not an emerald.[2]
  3. Examine the color. The mineral beryl is only called emerald if it is dark green or blue-green. Yellow-green beryl is called heliodor, and light green beryl is just called green beryl.[3] A yellow-green gem might also be olivine or green garnet.[2]
    • The line between emerald and green beryl is blurred — two jewelers could disagree over the classification of a gem.
  4. Look for wear on the facets. Glass and other weak materials wear down quickly. If the edges of the facets look soft and worn, the gem is likely fake.[2] Fake glass "gems" often develop a dimpled "orange peel" texture and slightly rounded facet edges.[1] Look for these features under slight magnification.
  5. Check for layers. "Soudé" imitation gems are constructed from two or three layers of different materials, often a green layer in between two colorless stones.[4] If the stone is not mounted, you can easily see these layers by immersing it in water and viewing from the side.[5] It's more difficult to see this in a mounted stone, but you can try examining the area around the girdle for odd color changes.
  6. View the emerald through a dichroscope. Some gemstones appear different colors from different directions, but you'll need a cheap tool called a dichroscope to make this obvious. Hold the gemstone very close to one end of the dichroscope while you look through the viewing window. The gemstone must be illuminated by a strong, diffuse light source as white as possible, such as an overcast sky.[6] Rotate the gemstone and the dichroscope to view it from all directions. Real emeralds are dichroic, appearing blue-green from one angle and a slightly yellow green from another.[7]
    • Strong dichroism (two very distinct colors) is a sign of a high quality emerald.[8]
    • It is possible to get unusual results due to an internal reflection off a facet, due to properties of fluorescent light, or due to light reaching the viewing window without passing through the gemstone.[6] Use this along with other approaches, not as a single, definitive test.
  7. Beware of cheap prices. If the deal seems too good to be true, trust your instincts. A natural, vividly green emerald with a brilliant luster typically costs at least $500 USD per carat.[9] If the price tag seems suspiciously low, you are probably looking at glass or crystal, not emeralds.
    • Synthetic emeralds are much cheaper than natural emeralds, but not as cheap as most other synthetic gems.[10] $75 USD per carat is a ballpark figure for small, synthetic emeralds.
  8. Get-Jewelry-Appraised. If you still have doubts, take the gemstone to a jeweler and have it professionally appraised. The jeweler will have access to specialized tools that will give you a definitive answer, along with a lengthy description of your gemstone.
    • Look for a jeweler with accreditation from a national organization, such as the American Society of Appraisers or American Gem Society. A trade school degree in gemology is also a good sign.
    • Avoid appraisers associated with a particular retailer, especially one that is trying to sell you the gemstone you want appraised.
    • Fees vary greatly, and may be per-item, per-hour, or per-carat. Do not agree to an appraisal that charges a percentage of the emerald's value.[11]

Identifying Synthetic Emeralds

  1. Understand synthetic emeralds. Synthetic emeralds were grown in a lab, and have the same chemical composition as natural emeralds. These are real emeralds, but cost much less due to the cheaper manufacturing process. If you suspect someone is trying to sell you a synthetic emerald for an inflated price, try the following tests.
    • For a definitive test, continue on to the next step to get started using emerald filters.
    • If you do not wish to purchase filters, skip down to the other tests. These do still require some tools, as synthetic emeralds are very difficult to identify by eye.

Using Filters

  1. Purchase three emerald testing filters. Look online for a Chelsea filter, a synthetic emerald filter, and a synthetic emerald support filter. These last two are sold as "Hanneman filters" and may be available in a pair. All three filters together could cost $60 USD or more, so this may not be worth it for a single stone.
    • In some cases you will also need a jeweler's loupe to examine the emerald up close. This is not necessary for most emeralds.
  2. Look through a Chelsea filter. To get started, examine the emerald through the Chelsea filter:[12]
    • Place the emerald under a strong, incandescent light source on a flat, white background. (Fluorescent lights may alter results.)
    • Cover any attached metal or other stones with a tissue to prevent reflected colors.
    • Hold the Chelsea filter close to your eye and note the color of the stone viewed through the filter, from about 10 inches (25 cm) away or a little closer.
    • If the emerald looks red or pink through the Chelsea filter, continue to the next step to test it through the synthetic filter.
    • If the emerald looks green through the Chelsea filter, skip down to the support filter step.
    • If the emerald looks purplish-red, it is synthetic. Confirm borderline colors by looking through both other filters (synthetic and support) — if it looks greenish through both, it is synthetic. If it looks greenish through synthetic but reddish through support, it is natural.
  3. Follow up with a synthetic filter. If the emerald looked red or pink through the Chelsea filter, it contains chromium. Both natural and synthetic emeralds can contain chromium, so narrow it down with the synthetic filter from an emerald testing kit:[12]
    • Move the emerald several inches away from the light source, then view it through the synthetic filter.
    • If it looks red or pink again, the gem is a flux-grown synthetic emerald.
    • If it look greenish this time, it is a natural emerald, likely Colombian or Russian.
  4. View the gem through a support filter instead. This is only useful if the gem looked green through the Chelsea filter. Follow these steps:[12]
    • Move the emerald several inches away from the light source, then view through the support filter.
    • If the emerald looks blue-green, lilac, or pink, it is a synthetic, hydrothermal emerald.
    • If the emerald still looks greenish (but not blue-green), continue to the next step.
  5. Examine the emerald through a loupe. If the emerald appeared green through the Chelsea filter and through the support filter, it could be natural or synthetic. Fortunately, the synthetic emeralds that match this description tend to look quite different from natural emeralds. Examine emerald through a 10x triple jeweler's loupe:
    • If it is clear and almost entirely free of inclusions, it is almost certainly a synthetic, hydrothermal emerald.
    • If magnification reveals many small flaws (crystals, needles, wisps, and so on), the gemstone is a natural emerald that contains vanadium and/or iron, such as those mined in Zambia, Brazil, and India.

Other Tests

  1. Examine the inclusions. Early synthetic emeralds had very few inclusions, compared to the many small flaws found in natural emeralds.[10] Later techniques did produce more inclusions, but some types of inclusions only appear in natural emeralds. Look for these under a gem microscope if possible, or through a jeweler's loupe:
    • If you see a "pocket" in the gem that contains both gas bubbles and crystals, you have a natural emerald.[1] This is called a "three phase inclusion."
    • Certain crystals only appear in natural emeralds: bamboo-like green actinolite fibers, mica flakes, or pyrite crystal cubes.[13][14][15]
  2. Shine a blacklight onto the emerald. For this test, you'll need a "long wave" blacklight — the cheapest, most widely available type. Put your emerald in a dim or dark room. Shine the blacklight onto the gem and watch the color of the fluorescence:
    • Yellow, olive-green, or bright red fluorescence is a sure sign of a synthetic emerald.[16][13]
    • No fluorescence at all means the emerald is likely natural, but this is not guaranteed. There is one type of synthetic emerald without fluorescence.[17]
    • Dull red or orange-red fluorescence could be natural or synthetic.

Tips

  • A gem refractometer is an excellent tool for identifying gemstones, but can be expensive and difficult to use untrained. If you are able to use one, check whether the gemstone has a refractive index from 1.565 to 1.602, the range for natural emeralds.[18] Also check the birefringence (double refraction), which should be close to 0.006. Synthetic emeralds may have a birefringence around 0.006 or considerably lower, and tend to have a refractive index around 1.561 to 1.564, but may be as high as 1.579.[7][19][16] If the results are well outside these ranges, the stone is likely fake.
  • Terms that sounds like countries of origin ("Colombian"; "Brazilian") can actually refer to the appearance of the stone. Each region tends to produce emeralds of a particular color, and lends its name to emeralds that match that description. This is just a rule of thumb, as there is plenty of variation within each region.[10]

Warnings

  • Emeralds are difficult to scratch, but brittle enough to break if smashed. A hammer is not a good test.

Related Articles

Sources and Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 http://www4.gia.edu/tryelearning/240-06/media/resources/gi06_printable.pdf
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.jewelrynotes.com/how-to-tell-a-fake-emerald-gemstone/
  3. ↑ http://www.minerals.net/mineral/beryl.aspx
  4. ↑ http://www.jtv.com/library/assembled-gem-materials.html
  5. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=b-7fBAAAQBAJ
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://www.gemstones-guide.com/Dichroism-with-Polariscope-Dichroscope.html
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/beryl/beryl_main.htm
  8. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Zxr5tZF8GPQC&pg=PA103
  9. ↑ http://www.multicolour.com/emerald/natural-vs-synthetic-emerald.html
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 https://www.gemsociety.org/article/emerald-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/
  11. ↑ https://gemguide.com/appraisals-reference-guide/fees/
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 https://books.google.com/books?id=qDuSyVsv4VEC
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM52/AM52_744.pdf
  14. ↑ http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-72816-0_11294
  15. ↑ http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1375.html
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 http://www.gemstones-guide.com/Synthetic-Emerald.html
  17. ↑ http://www.gemstones-guide.com/Beryl-Emerald-Aquamarine.html#Test_and_Identification_of_Beryl,_Emerald,_Aquamarine
  18. ↑ http://www.gemselect.com/gem-info/refractive-index.php
  19. ↑ https://www.cigem.ca/421.html

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