Treat Whitlow

Whitlow is an infection of the fingertip caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), a virus that affects about 90% of people worldwide. [1] Seek treatment as soon as you notice the infection, or if your doctor notices the infection worsening. The first bout of whitlow is usually the most troublesome, with recurrences usually being lesser in pain and length. Since about 20 to 50% of cases are recurrences, prevention is key.[2]

Steps

Diagnosing Whitlow

  1. Recall if you've had contact with someone who has herpes.[3] Herpes simplex virus is very common and highly contagious. HSV -1 commonly affects the face, and often causes cold sores (painful blisters on the lips). HSV-2 tends to cause painful genital blisters.
    • HSV-1 can spread through kissing or oral sex, while HSV-2 can spread through skin to skin contact with infected genitals.
    • Be aware that HSV can have a long-dormant period. You may have contracted herpes long ago, but the virus may have stayed dormant in the nerve cells where it resides. Stress and lack of immunity (getting sick) are common triggers for activation of the virus from the dormant phase.
    • Even if you can't remember ever being in contact with someone with HSV-1, consider if you've ever had a cold sore or fever blister.
  2. Look for early symptoms. In the "prodrome" or early phase of any disease, symptoms indicate the onset of a condition. For whitlow, these symptoms usually appear 2 to 20 days after initial exposure, and include:
    • Fever
    • Fatigue
    • Unusual pain
    • Numbness
    • Tingling in the area[4]
  3. Observe more typical whitlow symptoms in the disease phase.[5] Once the initial prodrome phase has passed, you will see far more specific symptoms that point clearly to whitlow:
    • Swelling, redness, and rash, with fluid filled vesicles around the area.[6]
    • The vesicles may rupture, and a white, clear, or bloody fluid will come out.
    • These vesicles may merge and take on a black/brown color.
    • Ulceration, or a break in the skin, may develop later.
    • Symptoms can resolve from anywhere from 10 days to 3 weeks.
  4. Get a formal medical diagnosis. Since whitlow is a more of a clinical diagnosis, the medical staff might not order any additional tests. Instead, the doctor will take your symptoms and medical history — including an HSV diagnosis — into consideration to diagnose whitlow. The doctor may also take a tube of your blood to order a complete blood count (CBC) with a differential (a count of your white blood cells). This will let them see if you have enough immune cells to fight infections, or if you have an underlying immune dysfunction that causes reoccurring infections.
    • The doctor may want to test for herpes if you haven't been diagnosed with it. They may analyze your blood for herpes antibodies, order a PCR test (for the detection of herpes DNA), and/or order a viral culture (to see if actual herpes virus is growing from your blood).[7]

Getting Initial Treatment

  1. Take antiviral medication. If whitlow is diagnosed within 48 hours after the symptoms start, the doctor can prescribe antiviral medication to you. The medicine might be topical (a cream) or oral (pills), and it will lessen the severity of the infection and promote quicker healing.[8] Thus, it's crucial that you seek immediate medical advice.
    • Commonly prescribed medications include topical acyclovir 5%, oral acyclovir, oral Famciclovir or valacyclovir.
    • Take the medications as advised by your doctor or pharmacist.
    • Dosages will be adjusted for children, but the treatments will remain the same.
  2. Take precautions to prevent spreading the infection.[6] Since the virus can spread through contact, your healthcare provider may advise you not to touch others, or even to avoid touching yourself with the infected finger. In particular, avoid touching body parts that contain fluids or bodily secretions. These include the eyes, mouth, tongue, genitals, ears, and breast.
    • If you wear contacts, don't wear them until the infection has resolved. Touching the contacts, then inserting them into your eyes, could infect the eye.
  3. Wrap the infected area.[6] Your healthcare provider may wrap the infected area with a bandage, cloth, or any form of dry wrap with medical tape. You can do this easily at home, too, by buying the bandages or wraps from your local pharmacy. To keep the wrap fresh, change it daily. To be extra safe, your doctor may advise you to both wrap the infected area and wear a glove over it.
  4. Monitor children closely. It can be difficult enough to be conscious of your hands as an adult, but children often find it quite difficult. You don't want them sucking on infected fingers, touching their eyes, or any other areas of the body that contain or carry bodily fluids. Even after wrapping the infected area, watch them closely to make sure everything is as it should be.
  5. Get pain medication if necessary.[9] The doctor may provide or advise you to use over-the-counter pain medication like Advil, Tylenol, ibuprofen or aspirin. They should ease pain while the infection heals by reducing inflammation to the area. If you saw a doctor within 48 hours of noticing the symptoms, the doctor might not recommend anything beyond pain medication.
    • Children and teenagers with viral infections are advised not to take aspirin. There's a risk of developing a multi-organ fatal condition known as Reye’s syndrome.
    • Seek expert medical advice before taking over-the-counter pain meds for viral infections.
    • Take all medications as described either by your healthcare provider or on the label. Be careful not to exceed the maximum daily dose.
  6. Ask the doctor to test for bacterial infection.[10] If you try to burst or drain the vesicles on your finger on your own, you give debris and bacteria opportunity to invade. Whitlow is a viral infection, but you can compound the issue with a bacterial infection (this can appear dark, have an odor, and may have a whitish pus discharge).
    • The doctors will order a complete blood count with differential (to detect immune cells or white blood cells) if they suspect bacterial infection.
    • The white blood cells will be high if you have a bacterial infection.
    • They may reorder this test after you've completed your antibiotic course to check for normal levels of white blood cells. This isn't always necessary if symptoms have calmed and they have no further suspicion.
  7. Take antibiotics as prescribed. A doctor will likely want to confirm a bacterial infection before prescribing antibiotic treatment. This is because overuse of antibiotics can cause bacteria to adapt and become resistant to treatment. However, once bacterial infection is confirmed, antibiotic treatment is very simple.[11]
    • Always follow your doctor or the label's directions precisely.
    • Make sure to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms seem to resolve.

Dealing with Whitlow with Home Remedies

  1. Do not pick at vesicles. You may be tempted to pick at or try to burst the vesicles, just as people can't resist the urge to pop pimples. However, this makes the wound open to bacterial infection.[12] Furthermore, the released fluid carries the virus, and can spread the viral infection further.
  2. Soak the infected area.[13] Warm water can provide pain relief from whitlow. This is best used when painful lesions start appearing on the infected area. You can add salt or epsom salt to the water to help with relief. The concentrated salt will diminish swelling in the effected area.
    • Fill a container deep enough for the infected area with warm water. Soak the infected area for 15 minutes.
    • Repeat as the pain reoccurs.
    • When finished, wrap the area with a dry bandage wrap to prevent disease transmission.
  3. Add soap to the water for open blisters. If you've tried to burst or drain a vesicle, you can add regular or antibacterial soap to the warm water when you soak the area.[14] While you may opt for antibacterial soap, studies suggest that regular soap works just as well at protecting against bacteria and infection. Keeping soap in the water can help prevent the spread of the condition as fluid from the infection mixes in with the water.
  4. Apply magnesium sulphate paste. Magnesium sulphate paste can help with the pain and swelling associated with whitlow. Though this is widely documented, the exact reason behind this effect is still unclear. In a study published 2008, a group of patients with HSV 1 or 2 were treated with a mixture that included magnesium. The results showed that over 95% had resolution of symptoms within 7 days.[15]
    • To properly use magnesium paste, first clean the infected area using a suitable antiseptic. Examples include isopropyl alcohol, alcohol prep pad or soap.
    • Apply a generous amount of magnesium sulphate paste. You can buy this product at any pharmacy.
    • Cover the pasted area with lint or cotton wool, then bandage it.
    • Change the bandage daily, and applying fresh paste each time.
  5. Use an ice pack.[2] The extreme cold will numb the nerves in the surrounding area, relieving the pain. It will also slow blood flow to the area, reducing any inflammation or swelling that would contribute to the pain. You can either buy an ice pack from the pharmacy, or just wrap some ice cubes in a towel. Gently apply the pack to the infected area.
  6. Reduce your stress levels. This can be challenging, but making an effort can help prevent future outbreaks. HSV can lie dormant in nerve cells for quite some time, but stress can activate it.[16] Thus, avoiding stress can be the key to avoiding whitlow. Some options to deal with stress and boost the immune system include eating healthier, getting a good night sleep, and exercising regularly.

Tips

  • Whitlow is also known as paronychia. It can also infect the toe.
  • Reduce your stress levels to prevent the dormant HSV virus from activating and causing whitlow recurrences. Some options to deal with stress and boost our immune system include eating healthier, getting a good night sleep and exercise.[16]
  • Try to stay away, or at the very least, do not touch those with active HSV lesions. These can be commonly seen as vesicles on the mouth and genitals.
  • Always use clean towels and change linens regularly, but especially if you are experiencing an oral/genital herpes outbreak. It's estimated that the HSV-2 virus can last up to seven days outside the body.
  • Break habits that keep your hands in your mouth — like biting your fingernails or sucking thumbs or fingers.
  • During an oral or genital herpes outbreak, wash hands thoroughly after using the restroom or touching the face/genital area.
  • Take care when cutting nails to not cut the quick or skin.
  • During a HSV outbreak, cover even a small break in the skin with a bandage in order to prevent spreading of the HSV from the broken skin.

Warnings

  • Failure to treat properly can result in permanent damage to or loss of the finger.[17]

Related Articles

Sources and Citations

  1. ↑ Wald A, Corey L. 2007.Persistence in the population: epidemiology, transmission. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. Chapter 36.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.sw.org/HealthLibrary?page=Herpetic%20Whitlow
  3. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/genital-herpes/pain-management-herpes
  4. ↑ http://www.skinsight.com/adult/herpeticWhitlow.htm
  5. ↑ http://www.skinsight.com/adult/herpeticWhitlow.htm
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/herpetic-whitlow/Pages/Introduction.aspx
  7. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/herpes-simplex/diagnosis.html
  8. ↑ Clark D. Dec 1, 2003. Common Acute Hand Infections. American Family Physician Journal. 68(11):2167-2176.
  9. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/drug-medication/otc-pain-relief-10/pain-relievers-nsaids
  10. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bacterial-and-viral-infections
  11. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/using-antibiotics-wisely-topic-overview?page=2
  12. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/infectious-disease/faq-20058098
  13. ↑ http://www.foundrysportsmedicine.com/our-blog/bid/104628/Finger-Infections
  14. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/women/news/20021024/antibacterial-soap-wash
  15. ↑ Nunes Oda S, Pereira Rde S. 2008. Regression of herpes viral infection symptoms using melatonin and SB-73: comparison with Acyclovir.Journal Pineal Research. May;44(4):373-8.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 http://www.herpes.org/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-preventing-outbreaks-without-drugs/
  17. ↑ emedicinehealth, Finger Infection, http://www.emedicinehealth.com/finger_infection/article_em.htm

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