Determine Directions to North, South, East, and West

Being able to determine the cardinal directions using various methods can help you win orienteering challenges, help you find your way if you’re turned around, or could even save your neck if you’re lost alone somewhere. There are some easy ways to figure out directions, but if you don’t have a compass or cell phone handy, you can still determine north, south, east, and west.

Steps

Shadow Stick

1. Collect your tools. Since the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, the shadows it casts will always move in the same direction, and you can observe their motion to determine directions. For this method, you will need:
   • A straight stick that’s between two and five feet long
   • A straight stick that’s about one foot long
   • Two rocks, stones, or other objects (heavy enough that wind won’t blow them around).
2. Plant your stick upright in the ground. Place one of the rocks on the ground to mark the tip of the stick’s shadow.
3. Wait 15 to 20 minutes. The shadow will have moved. Take the second rock and mark the new location of the tip of the stick’s shadow.
   • If you can wait longer, do so, and place more rocks to mark the changing shadow.
4. Connect the dots. Either draw a straight line on the ground between the two marks or use the other stick to connect the dots and make a straight line. The shadow moves in the opposite direction of the sun, so this line denotes the east–west line: the first dot represents west and the second dot represents east.
   
   If you don't remember the order of directions, start with North and go clockwise, using this mnemonic:
   Never Eat Soggy Waffles.Alternatively, picture a clock with North at 12:00, East at 3:00, South at 6:00, and West at 9:00.
   • Note that this method is only approximate, and can be off by 23 degrees or so.

Shadow Dial

1. Assemble your tools. This method is similar to the stick method, but it’s more reliable because it uses a longer observation time. Locate flat ground and collect your tools:
   • A stick or pole that’s two to five feet long
   • One small sharp stick
   • Two small rocks
   • Something like a long string
2. Put the long pole in the ground. This must be done before noon. Wherever the shadow of the pole ends, place a rock.
3. Attach the string to the stick and pole. Tie the sharp stick to one end of the string, and the other end of the string to the pole, making sure it’s just long enough to reach the rock on the ground.
4. Draw a circle around the pole. With the rock as your starting point, use the sharp stick that's attached to the pole to draw the circle in the ground around the pole.
5. Wait. When the shadow from the pole finally touches this circle again, mark the point where it connected with the other rock.
6. Connect the dots. The straight line that connects the first rock with the second rock is the east–west line, where the first rock represents west and the second rock represents east.
   • To find north and south from this point, north will be clockwise from west, and south will be clockwise from east.

Navigating With Your Natural Surroundings

1. Look for the sun at noon. At noon, the sun can point you in the general direction of north and south, and consequently east and west, but it will not tell you due north or due south. In the Northern Hemisphere, walking directly toward the sun at noon will lead you south, while walking directly away from the sun will lead you north. In the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is true: toward the sun will lead you north, and away from the sun will lead you south.
2. Use sunrise and sunset for approximate directions. The sun rises in the general direction of east and sets in the general direction of west every day, so you can use the location of sunrise or sunset to get an approximate idea of direction. Face the sunrise and you are facing east; north will be on your left and south will be on your right. Face the sunset and you are facing west; north will be on your right and south will be on your left.
   • The location of sunrise and sunset only provide an approximate idea of direction 363 days of the year, because the sun rises due east and sets due west only on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (the first day of spring and fall).
3. Look at how vegetation is growing. While using vegetation to determine direction isn’t an exact science or a precise method, oftentimes it can give you a basic idea of which direction’s which. Living north of the equator, the sun is usually in the southern part of the sky, and the opposite is true south of the equator. This means that leaves and foliage will tend to be thicker and denser on the southern side of a tree or bush. The opposite is true in the Southern Hemisphere, where vegetation will be more lush on the northern side.
   • Many guidebooks will note that moss only grows on the north side of a tree in the Northern Hemisphere, but this is not true. However, while moss can grow on all sides of a tree, it is true that it will often be denser on the side that is shadier (the north in the Northern Hemisphere and the south in the Southern Hemisphere).
4. Calculate direction with an analogue watch and the sun. The sun can be used in conjunction with a non-digital wristwatch to provide an approximate idea of the cardinal directions if you find yourself lost in the woods but at least have a wristwatch. In the Northern Hemisphere, point the hour hand on your watch at the sun. South will be halfway between 12 o’clock and the hour hand. In the Southern Hemisphere, align 12 o’clock on the watch with the sun, and the midway point between that and the hour hand will point north.
   • When you are facing north, east is on your right and west is on your left. When you are facing south, east is on your left and west is on your right.
   • During daylight saving time, use one o’clock instead of 12 o’clock on the watch.
   • For this method to work, your watch must be set for the correct time. It can also have a margin of error of about 35 degrees, so this method is only reliable for an approximate idea of direction.

Navigating with Polaris (North Star)

1. Recognize Polaris. Polaris, also called the North Star, can be used in the Northern Hemisphere to help you find north. This is one of the quickest ways to determine your directions at night if you don’t have a compass or GPS.
   • Polaris, or the North Star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Because it’s located in the sky around the North Pole, it doesn’t move around much, meaning it’s useful and accurate for navigating.
2. Locate Polaris. Find the Big Dipper (also known as the Plough) and the Little Dipper (aka Ursa Minor). Think of the Big Dipper like a ladle (hence the name), where the handle holds a cup, and the outer edge of the cup (the farthest from the handle) points out into the sky and toward Polaris. For confirmation, Polaris is the last star that makes up the handle of the Little Dipper.
3. Draw an imaginary line from Polaris to the ground. This is approximately true north. When you face Polaris, you are facing due north; behind you is due south, and due west will be on your left, while due east will be on your right.

Navigating with the Southern Cross

1. Recognize the Southern Cross. In the Southern Hemisphere, the constellation of the Southern Cross (aka Crux) can be used to guide you in a southerly direction. Five stars make this constellation, and its four brightest form an angled cross.
2. Use the Southern Cross to find south. Find the two stars that make up the lengthwise portion of the cross and imagine a line that extends out five times greater than the full length of the cross.
   • When you reach the terminus of that imaginary line, draw another imaginary line that extends to the ground. This is generally the direction of south.
3. Choose a guiding landmark. Once you’ve determined the general direction in which south lies, it might be helpful to find a landmark at that location on the ground so that you don’t lose where south lies.

Making Your Own Compass

1. Gather your tools and equipment. A compass is a round instrument with all the cardinal directions printed on it. A rotating needle uses the Earth’s magnetic field to determine what direction the compass is facing. You can make your own rudimentary compass if you have a few items available. You will need:
   • A metal sewing needle and magnet
   • A bowl or cup filled with water
   • Pliers and scissors
   • A cork (or just a leaf).
2. Rub the needle against the magnet. Do this at least 12 times if you are using a weak magnet like a refrigerator magnet, or about five times if you have a stronger magnet. This will magnetize the needle.
3. Cut a one-quarter-inch disk of cork. Then, use the pliers to push the needle through the cork disk. (If you don't have a cork, you can place the needle on a leaf.)
4. Place the cork disk in the center of the bowl of water. The needle will be free to spin around like a compass needle, and will eventually align itself with the poles.
5. Wait for the needle to stop spinning. If it was properly magnetized, it should tell you the north–south line. Note that unless you have a compass or other reference, you will not know if the needle is pointing north or south, just that it's pointing to one or the other.
   • Many websites and books say that you can magnetize a metal needle by rubbing it with wool or silk, but that will only create static electricity, not magnetism.

Determining Direction With Magnetic or Electronic Devices

1. Find your direction with a compass. Day or night, using a compass, GPS, or cell phone equipped with either is the best and easiest way to determine directions. These devices are also the most accurate, making them the most reliable methods. But, it’s important to note that when your compass points north, for instance, it’s pointing you in the direction of magnetic north, which is different from true north (the same goes for magnetic south versus true south).
   • As you spin around in different directions, the compass needle will spin as well, indicating which direction you are facing.
   • A compass will give false readings around metal objects like keys, watches, and belt buckles. The same is true for magnetic objects, such as certain rocks or power lines.
2. Use a global positioning system. A GPS is arguably the easiest way to determine direction or find your way, because these electronic devices use satellites to position your location. A GPS can be used to tell you where you are, give you directions to a specific location, and track your movements. A GPS must be charged and have a working battery to be functional. It should also be initialized before use, so that it orients itself (knows where it is) and downloads the most current and accurate maps.
   • Turn on your GPS, and allow it to load and acquire signal.
   • Not only will the GPS have a compass you can use to determine which way is east, west, north, or south, but on its map it will also have an arrow that points in the direction you are facing.
   • Your coordinates will appear at the top of the screen, also giving you your longitude and latitude.
   • Because a GPS navigates using satellites, tall buildings, large trees, and other geographic structures can interfere with its signal.
3. Turn your cell phone into a navigation device. Most modern smartphones are equipped with a compass, GPS, or both. There are also applications you can download or software you can install to equip your phone with these features. To use the GPS function on your phone, it must be connected to Wi-Fi or your network, and your GPS or location services must be on.
   • To access these devices, look for apps called “compass,” “maps,” or “navigation.”

Tips

• If you are planning a hiking trip, it’s always a good idea to go prepared with food, water, and a compass and map at the very least. Avoid hiking alone, but if you do, make sure someone else knows where you’re going to be.

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• Navigate Without a Compass

Sources and Citations

See also

• Tell Time Without a Clock
• Use an Analog Watch as a Compass
• Make a Compass
• Find Direction Without a Compass
• Navigate by the Stars
• Make a Sundial
• Find True North Without a Compass
• Find Out How Much Time Is Left Before Sunset
• Navigate Without a Compass
• Calculate Leap Years

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What links here

• Determine Direction Using the Sun
• Find the Big Dipper
• Navigate Without a Compass
• Find Land when Lost at Sea
• Ask for Directions