Use Who and Whom

The correct use of who and whom in questions and statements may seem like a lost battle, still fought only by punctilious English teachers. This article will teach you how to use who and whom correctly, which will make you seem more educated and your speech more carefully spoken.

10 Second Summary

1. Use who as the subject: Who is chasing that boy?
2. Use whom as a direct object: Whom is that woman chasing?
3. Use whom as an indirect object: To whom is that boy running?

Steps

  1. Understand the difference between who and whom. Both who and whom are relative pronouns.[1] However, who is used as the subject of a sentence or clause, to denote who is doing something (like he or she).[2] On the other hand, Be a Girl Whom Everyone Loves is used as a direct or indirect object of a verb or preposition.
    • While a preposition (at, by, for, in, with, etc.) often comes before whom, this is not always the case, so the key question is to ask, “Who is doing what to whom?” What follows is a quick way to determine which pronoun to use in a particular question.
  2. Use who when referring to the subject of a sentence or clause.[2]
    • Who brought the paper inside?
    • Who talked to you today?
    • Who went to dinner?
    • Who ate the cake?
    • Our job is to determine who qualifies.
  3. Use whom when referring to the object of a verb or preposition.
    • To whom it may concern:
    • To whom did you talk today?
    • Whom does Sarah love?
  4. Ask yourself if the answer to the question would be he/she or him/her. If you can answer the question with him/her, then use whom. It’s easy to remember because they both end with m. If you can answer the question with he/she, then use who.
    • Example: A suitable answer to the question, “To [who or whom] did the prize go?” is, “It went to him/her.” (It is improper to say “It went to he/she.”) The correct pronoun for the question is whom.
    • Example: A suitable answer to the question, “[Who or Whom] went to the store?” is, “He/She went to the store.” (It is improper to say “Him/Her went to the store.”) The correct pronoun for the question who.
  5. When trying to decide whether who or whom is correct, simplify the sentence. Where other words in a complex sentence might throw you off track, simplify the sentence to include just the basic subject, verb, and object. It helps to move the words around in your head to identify the word relationships. For example:
    • “Marie Antoinette and her ladies-in-waiting only invited people to their party [who or whom] they considered to love parties as much as they did.” The simplified mental version becomes: “whom they considered.”
    • “Marie Antoinette prevented her mother from knowing [who or whom] she invited to the Petit Trianon.” The simplified mental version becomes: “[who or whom] she invited.” Then, you could rearrange it again to say: “she invited whom”, clarifying that she did something to (invited) whom.
  6. Remember that the distinction between who and whom is less important in informal spoken language than it is in formal written language. It’s possible that the distinction might someday erode altogether. For now, though, it is important to keep this clear in written language.

Tips

  • Ask yourself “who did what to whom?”
  • Learning who and whom can help with grammar and understanding different languages. It is also good to know this if you want to speak fluent English and write correct sentences.
  • It is possible to write around problems involving who and whom, but the result is almost always clumsy. If you write “To which person did the prize go?” because you can’t remember that whom is the correct pronoun for such a question, you will have avoided a grammatical error at the expense of elegance.
  • Here’s a useful mnemonic for remembering about objects and subjects: If you say “I love you”, then you is the object of your affection and the object of the sentence. I is the subject. “[Whom or Who] do I love?” is “Whom do I love?” because the answer, you, is an object.
  • Learning another language can help greatly. In most languages, using who in the place of whom can cause great confusion. A great example of this is German or Spanish.
  • The CCAE (Canadian Council for the Advancement of Education) suggests always using who to start a sentence.[3]
  • When who or whom appears in a clause, the choice depends on whether the pronoun is serving as the subject or an object in the clause, regardless of whether the clause itself is functioning as the subject or an object in the full sentence.

Warnings

  • There is much confusion and misuse on this topic. Just as correctly using whom may make others think that you are intelligent, misusing it may make you seem pompous. Never use whom as a subject pronoun. This is as incorrect as using who where whom is required. Many people will mistakenly believe that you are trying to be formal.
    • “Whom are you?” is wrong. It is meant to be “Who are you?”
    • “John is the man whom I expect will be awarded the prize” is wrong. It should be “John is the man who I expect will be awarded the prize.”

Sample Usage

Doc:Who and Whom Usage

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Sources and Citations

  1. ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/645/01/
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/who-whom
  3. ↑ http://www.uregina.ca/external/communications/style-guide/grammatical.html
  • Patricia T. O'Connor, Woe is I: The Grammarphobe's Guide to Better English in Plain English, pp. 6-8, (1996), ISBN 1-57322-625-4 – research source
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